COMPANYHISTORIES
NAIC 331423

Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Copper

How the companies in this industry began, and the forces that shaped them.

2companies1866–1906founding years2still active0no longer operating
§ 01

The industry over time

Companies foundedEconomyTechnologyEnvironmentHistory
FoundedNorddeutsche Affinerie AG
1866
1903
TechnologyThe Wright brothers achieve powered flight.
FoundedNV Umicore SA
1906
1914
EconomyWorld War I begins; global trade reorders.
1939
EconomyWorld War II begins; wartime production surges.
1945
EconomyThe war ends; a long global expansion begins.
1947
TechnologyThe transistor is invented.
1958
TechnologyThe integrated circuit is demonstrated.
1962
EnvironmentSilent Spring launches the modern environmental movement.
1975
TechnologyThe personal-computer era begins.
1981
TechnologyThe IBM PC launches and sets a standard.
1984
TechnologyApple ships the Macintosh; the GUI era begins.
1989
HistoryThe Berlin Wall falls; global markets open up.
1991
TechnologyThe World Wide Web is released to the public.
1993
TechnologyThe Mosaic browser brings the web to everyone.
1995
TechnologyWindows 95 launches; the internet goes mainstream.
1997
EnvironmentThe Kyoto Protocol sets the first climate targets.
2004
TechnologySocial media and Web 2.0 take hold.
2007
TechnologyThe iPhone launches the smartphone era.
2010
TechnologyCloud computing goes mainstream for business.
2015
EnvironmentThe Paris Agreement sets global climate targets.
2020
EconomyThe COVID-19 pandemic upends the global economy.
2022
EconomyInflation spikes; central banks raise rates sharply.
2023
TechnologyGenerative AI reaches mainstream business use.
§ 02

The companies

Norddeutsche Affinerie AG →
Active · founded 1866 · Germany
Norddeutsche Affinerie AG (NA) is the world's largest recycler of scrap copper and the fifth-largest producer of…
NV Umicore SA →
Active · founded 1906 · Belgium
NV Umicore SA--known as Union Minière until late 2001--is one of the world's leading producers of zinc, precious…
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